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copyright 1915 

International Harvester Company of America 

(incorporated) 



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Pan ama ( \nal 
^DAMMA-pACIFIC 

' INTERNATIONAL 

fANAMA(MJFORNR 

y EXPOSITIONS 





THE PANAMA GANAL 

HE completion of the Panama Canal, 
an event of world importance and the 
greatest physical accomplishment in his- 
tory, is the realization of a world-dream 
that has existed since the days of the 
Spanish Main. As early as the sixteenth 
century, Cortez saw what an immense 
advantage would be gained by cutting a 






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30 

4 




canal through the Isthmus of Panama 
and made the suggestion to the King of 
Spain. The King, however, was a 
prudent monarch, and refused to under- 
take the work, fearing that it would 
bankrupt his treasury. It has, there- 
fore, remained for the United States 
Government to accomplish this gigantic 
task almost four hundred years later. 




Work on the Panama Canal was 
begun by a French company in 1 882 and 
continued until 1 889 when the company 
went into bankruptcy and operations 
were suspended. The new Panama 
Canal Company was organized in 1 894, 
and work was continued on a small 
scale until 1899. 

In 1902 the President of the United 
States was empowered by act of Con- 
gress to purchase from the Panama 
Canal Company all its rights and prop- 
erties. Ten years have been required 
to complete the work after its acquire- 
ment by the United States. In order 
to complete this tremendous under- 
taking, it has been necessary to remove 




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more than 200,000,000 cubic feet of 
earth and rock, and 6,000,000 pounds 
of dynamite were used annually in 
Gaillard Cut alone for blasting pur- 
poses. The complete expenditure on 
the Canal to date is approximately 
$375,000,000. 

The sea route between New York and 
San Francisco has been shortened from 
1 3, 1 35 nautical miles around Cape Horn 
to 5,262 miles by means of the Panama 
Canal. The time saved by a freight 
steamer of 12-knot speed is about 
twenty-seven days. 

The Canal extends from the city of 
Colon, on the Caribbean Sea, in a south- 
easterly direction to the city of Panama 






Digging Gaillard (Culebra) Cut 

7 








on the Pacific Coast. The distance, along the route of the Canal, is 
fifty miles, including the sea level entrance to the channels. 

An erroneous impression widely prevails as to the geographical 
location of the Canal. On first thought, it would seem that the Canal 
would extend from east to west, across the Isthmus of Panama; how- 
ever, by referring to the map, it is plain that the entrance from the 
Atlantic side is farther west than the entrance on the Pacific side. As 
a result it is possible to see the sun rise over the Pacific from the city 
of Panama, and see the sun set over the Caribbean Sea at the city of 
Colon. 

Prom the Atlantic side to the Gatun locks the Canal is seven miles 
long and 500 feet wide. At Gatun, an 85-foot lake level is obtained by 
an enormous dam, and the vessels in passing from the sea level to the 
level of the lake do so through a series of three adjoining locks, each 
with a lift of 28^ feet. 

This great Gatun Dam forms an immense lake known as the Gatun 



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Miraflorea Locks — Pacific Side 



Lake, and forces water through the Gaillard Cut. 
The Gaillard Cut is a channel, about nine miles long, 
through the hills of the Continental Divide. 

At Pedro Miguel on the Pacific side, thirty-two 
miles from the Gatun Dam, the waters of Gatun 
Lake are stemmed by another dam, which permits 
the lowering of vessels into Miraflores Lake. This 
lake is fifty-five feet above the main level of the 
Pacific Ocean. At the other end of this lake, a 
mile -and-a -half from Pedro Miguel, are located the 
These locks are built in two lifts, and through them 
the vessels reach the sea level on the Pacific side. 

Undoubtedly the Panama Canal will stand as the greatest engineer- 
ing feat of the Twentieth Century. Its completion has dwarfed all 
previous triumphs of engineering skill, not only in magnitude but 
in the efficiency maintained throughout the years of persevering 
endeavor. Its effect upon the world's transportation will be 
revolutionary. At the present time we can only conjecture as to 
the influence it will have on the established routes of commerce 
that have been used for centuries. 




Miraflores locks. 




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E3 




INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 



^X* 



HE Panama-Pacific International Ex- 
position is a national undertaking 
determined upon by Congress and 
authorized by the President of 
the United States. San Francisco, 
California, was selected as the site 
for this world's celebration to 
commemorate the completion 
of the Panama Canal. 





The location selected for the Exposi- 
tion grounds is an ideal one. The site 
occupies 635 acres of land on the north- 
ern shore line of the peninsula of San 
Francisco, and possesses peculiar beauty 
and many advantages. The abruptly 
rising ground on three sides forms a 
natural amphitheatre and provides 
shelter from the winds and fogs of the 
Pacific. The waters of San Francisco 
Bay are on the north at the very foun- 
dation of the Exposition buildings. 

A more perfect location can hardly 
be imagined. It is within three miles 
of the business center and shopping 
district, reached by ferry or electric car, 
and easily accessible by water. This is 



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Group on Triumphal Arch — Nations of the West 

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of immense advantage, as exhibits from all parts of the world were 
landed in perfect condition at the very gates of the Exposition, 
eliminating the necessity of much handling or reshipping. 

Entering the exposition grounds from the city side, the visitor finds 
himself in the great garden, 3,000 feet in length, on the right extremity 
of which can be seen the beautiful Festival Hall. On the sloping hill- 
sides to the west are located the pavilions of foreign nations. The 
various State Buildings are located along the shore, while to the west 
are the live-stock buildings, race tracks, aviation field, and drill grounds, 
where 1 0,000 troops may be seen on review. To the east of the Exhibi- 
tion Palaces is the 65-acre tract entirely occupied by amusement con- 
cessions and called "The Zone." 

A very distinguishing feature wherein the Panama-Pacific Interna- 



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tional Exposition differs from prior expositions is in the compact 
arrangement of the buildings without being crowded. This contributes 
greatly to the pleasure and comfort of sight-seers. 

The main Exhibition Palaces, eleven in number, are compactly 
built and conveniently connected by courts. Eight of these buildings 
are grouped in a rectangle, four fronting the harbor to the north and 
four to the south, separated by connecting avenues and courts. In 
the center is the Court of the Universe, containing a sunken garden 
to seat 7,000 people. To the east, at the crossing of the avenues, is 
located the Court of Abundance. To the west of the Court of the 
Universe is the Court of Four Seasons, illustrating the progress of the 
west. One can walk through these eight palaces from end to end 
without stepping from under cover. 



14 




In this group of eleven Exhibition 
Palaces are housed examples of the 
resources and achievements along all 
lines of human endeavor during the 
past decade, representing the follow- 
ing great activities of mankind : Fine 
Arts, Education, Social Economy, 
Liberal Arts, Manufactures and 
Varied Industries, Machinery, 
Transportation, Food Products, 
Horticulture, Mines, Metallurgy, and 
Agriculture. 

In the Palace of Agriculture is 
found the most complete and com- 
prehensive array of exhibits pertain- 
ing to present-day methods of 
scientific management of the farm. 

The International Harvester 
exhibit is located in the Palace of 








Palace of Horticultur 



15 






Agriculture, and comprises one of the most 
complete exhibits of modern agricultural 
machines ever assembled under one roof. No 
expense has been spared to make this display 
as complete, comprehensive, and educational 
in its nature as possible. It is the final 
example of the standing in the commercial 
world of the American farm machine industry. 
The central part of the International 
Harvester exhibit represents in miniature four 
views of a complete model farm depicting farm 
activities during the four seasons. Each season 
occupies one-fourth of the centerpiece. This 
panorama is proportioned to an exact scale, 
giving the appearance of a real farm. The 




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82 



model is circular in form, surmounted 
by a cylinder and a dome capped by 
an electric I H C trade-mark. The 
upper part of the structure revolves 
and shows, in allegorical style, the 
four primary inventions of the first 
one-third of the nineteenth century. 
These are the steamboat of 1 807, the 
locomotive of 1814, the reaper of 
1831, and the telegraph of 1835. 
These pictures are peculiarly interest- 
ing in that they illustrate the fore- 
runners of our modern steamboats, 
locomotives, farm machines and 
telegraph apparatus, and mark the 
first steps of this country toward its 
goal of industrial leadership. 





17 




18 




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Centerpiece I H C Exhibit — The Model Farm 

The entire representation is of one farm; each quarter represents 
a different view of this same farm, and the buildings, trees, etc., are 
the same wherever they appear. 

In the spring view is seen an International Harvester oil tractor 
drawing a gang plow and a tractor disk harrow, preparing the soil 
for planting and doing all the work in one operation. In the second 
scene, the same oil tractor and five International Harvester grain 
binders are cutting a swath of grain forty feet wide at the rate of 
ten acres per hour. The autumn scene includes a splendid front 
view of the farm buildings. Here an International Motor Truck 
is in constant operation carrying the products of the dairy to market. 
In the middle of the foreground is the oil tractor furnishing power 
for an International ensilage cutter. The fourth scene shows the 
farm buildings during the winter. This scene has two changes — 
day and night. This scene shows clearly how power on the farm has 



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Spring Scene — 
The Model Farm Centerpiece 



Summer Scene — 
The Model Farm Centerpiece 



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Autumn Scene — 
The Model Farm Centerpiece 



Winter Scene — 
The Model Farm Centerpiece 



changed the winter life, not only for the farmer, but for his entire 
family. 

Four aisles lead up to the panorama and divide the International 
Harvester farm machine exhibit into four sections. In these four 
sections of the exhibit will be found a complete collection of I H C 
hay, grain and corn harvesting machines, seeding machines, til- 
lage implements, corn planters, ensilage cutters, feed grinders, 
threshers, manure spreaders, cream separators, farm wagons and 
trucks, oil engines and tractors, motor trucks, and some spinning and 
balling machines that are in constant operation making binder twine. 

The greater part of the machines in the exhibit are in motion; 



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each machine in operation being connected to an individual electric 
motor through reducing gears which run in oil, making all operations 
as noiseless as possible. The oil engines are operated by compressed 
air, giving the impression of being operated by their natural fuel 
without the noise that would result from such a large number grouped 
together. A manure spreader is in actual operation, spreading 
pieces of leather, in place of manure, upon a canvas belt. A cream 
separator is being operated by an oil engine, producing an endless 
flow of milk and cream. Many of the machines are equipped with 




glass parts and electric lights so that all the working mechanisms 
may be seen performing their respective duties just as they do in 
actual operation. 

The west side of the building adjoining the exhibit is given over 
to a public rest-room, which is maintained for the comfort and con- 
venience of the visitors to the International Harvester exhibit. 

To the right of this rest-room is a space given over to the Agri- 
cultural Extension Department, and to the left of the rest-room is a 
space devoted to welfare work. In both these departments will be 
found an elaborate collection of charts covering every phase of 



23 




Agricultural Extension and welfare work. The Agricultural Exten- 
sion charts illustrate the advantages of high-grade and tested seed, 
the value of leguminous crops, crop rotation and the benefits derived 
therefrom. The charts on welfare work illustrate what is being 
done at the various International Harvester plants to safeguard the 
health and life of employes by the installation of modern sanitation 
and safety appliances. 

Scattered throughout the exhibit will be found a complete collec- 
tion of charts covering every phase of scientific farm management. 

A study of all of these charts is well worth the time required, 
not only to those interested in the modern farm and subjects per- 
taining thereto, but to all those who take an interest in the wel- 
fare work, pensions, and safety appliances in factories. 



24 



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The object of the Panama-California 
Exposition at San Diego is so dissimilar from 
the object of the Panama-Pacific International 
Exposition at San Francisco, that the two 
Fairs are more correlative than competitive. 

The San Diego Exposition is of a more 
demonstrative nature — the objective purpose 
being chiefly to build up the great South- 
west area. It is a serious purpose, and one 
of genuine economic interest, devoted to 
progress and opportunity, specializing on 
education, immigration, irrigation, conserva- 
tion, reclamation, re-forestation, commerce, 
horticulture and agriculture, presenting the 
history of man and the evolution of his arts 
and sciences. 





27 



, 




Balboa Park, the site of the 
Panama-California Exposition, is 
a 1,400 -acre tract of rolling hills, 
canyons and gently sloping mesas in 
the heart of the city of San Diego, 
within twelve minutes' walk from 
the business center. The grounds 
selected are ample, and possess the 
distinction of originality in all 
salient features. They are on an 
elevation 300 feet above sea level, 
and overlook Point Loma, the Bay 
of San Diego, and the Pacific Ocean, 
comprising a magnificent view. 

The architecture is all of the 
Spanish Colonial type, and the 
grouping of the buildings is so ar- 
ranged that the complete whole 




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28 




Science and Education Building 



resembles a picturesque medieval city amid tropical verdure. 

Most of the $7,000,000 expended for this Exposition is a 
wise permanent investment in beautifying Balboa Park and 
contributing to its educational charm for all time. The principal 
buildings are so planned that they can be used for art galleries, 
auditoriums, and museums, for instructive collections after 
the close of the Fair. 

The main entrance is approached by an imposing reinforced 
concrete bridge of seven arches spanning Cabrillo Canyon, 
1,000 feet in length and 136 feet above an improvised sylvan 
lake, which ends at the West Portal. 

From the West Portal the Prado, or main avenue, extends 
east, many of the buildings being grouped on the heights near 
Cabrillo Canyon. The California State Building stands imme- 
diately within the grounds, and connected with it by an imposing 
arch spanning the Prado, forming the principal entrance, is 



20 




ITCIIH 




Pueblo Indian Village 

the Ethnological Building, wherein 
is housed the splendid exhibit of 
the Smithsonian Institute. 

Southern California Counties, 
Home Science, Arts and Crafts, 
Science and Education, and Agri- 
culture are the other main buildings, 
which afford a comprehensive idea 
of the exhibits outside of the 
principal attraction, which is horti- 
culture and all botanic growths. 

The slopes of the canyons at the 
Exposition grounds are filled with 
giant palms and ferns. Acacias 
in all varieties, tall eucalyptus, 
grevilleas, peppers, firs, cypress and 
other ornamental trees are assembled 
from all corners of the world. A 
five-acre grove of oranges is so 



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30 




cultivated that a portion is in bud, 
another in bloom and others in 
every stage of growth, including 
the ripened fruit, at all times. 
Groves of lemons, pomegranates 
and all California fruit-bearing trees 
are also found. In one section are 
seven hundred of the finest citrus 
trees that could be found in all 
Southern California. Nearby are 
groves of deciduous trees and gardens 
and berry vines of endless variety, 
forming in all a complete exemplifi- 
cation of the economic trees and 
other growths, not only of the 
Pacific Coast, but of distant lands. 
In keeping with the architecture 
and the purpose of this Exposition, 
the magnificent International Har- 






v 





31 




vester exhibit is of a demonstrative 
nature, which is supplemented by an 
indoor display housed in a building 
erected for this purpose. The Inter- 
national Harvester exhibit fully typifies the 
advanced standing of the American farmer 
as a class. It covers an area of five acres, 
where, in addition to the magnificent 
building of Spanish Colonial architecture, 
is found a growing citrus orchard, a 
complete irrigation system in operation, 
and a full array of agricultural machines 
in actual operation. The citrus orchard 
is bearing fruit after having been planted, 
cultivated, sprayed, and generally devel- 
oped along the most accepted methods of 
irrigation. The water is raised by an oil 



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Bird's-eye View Harvester Building 
and Grounds 



82 



engine attached to a centrifugal pump, 
and is delivered to the orchard through 
concrete pipes and hydrants. The or- 
chard is disked and cultivated with an 
orchard tractor, and the fertilizer is ap- 
plied with a manure spreader through 
the same motive power. A spraying 
outfit operated by an oil engine and 
drawn by a small tractor is also in use. 

Beyond the orchard is a large demon- 
stration field in which plowing is done 
and where power farm machines are op- 
erated by engines of various sizes. 

Both the orchard and demonstration 
field are interspersed with shade trees, 
through which pleasant paths wind in 
and out. Rustic benches and settees 
line these walks, giving an attractive 
and restful atmosphere to the grounds. 

The entire roof of the building is 
given over to a picturesque roof garden, 
which permits an excellent view of the 
Exposition Grounds and particularly of 
the International Harvester outdoor 
exhibit. 




Harvester Building and Pergola 




In the International Harvester Building on a balcony from 
which the main exhibit can be seen is a commodious rest room. 
This rest room, as well as the roof garden, is set aside for the comfort 
and convenience of the thousands of sightseers who will at some 
time during the year visit the International Harvester exhibit. 

On the main floor of the building is the machine exhibit 
proper. Here are displayed many of the latest models of farm 




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Plowing on the 

1 H C Demonstration 

Field 




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machines. A 50-H.P. Mogul oil 
engine is in constant operation, 
furnishing the light and power to 
run the compressed-air plant and 
the electric motors which are 
attached to the individual ma- 
chines that are in operation. A 
large number of these machines 
are in operation, and many of 
them are further equipped with 
glass sides and electric lights, so 
that the working mechanisms 
may be seen while in actual 
operation. To anyone not famil- 
iar with present day farm equip- 
ment, the ingenious arrangement 
of contrivances brought together 
in this five-acre tract is a revela- 
tion. To those who know and 
are familiar with such things, 
its scope and mastery of detail 
will excite admiration. 




35 



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Ancient Reaping Hook 
Used for Forty Centuries 




Ancient Reaper Used by 
Gauls — First Century 




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Harvesting with the Scythe 
During the Eighteenth Century 



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The International 
Harvester exhibit is 
open to visitors the en- 
tire year of 1915. 

The machines shown 
in the International Har- 
vester exhibits at San 
Francisco and San Diego 
contrast strangely with 
the implements that 
have been in vogue for 
centuries in planting, 
tilling and harvesting 
crops. The wonderful 
advance in farm equip- 
ment has been made 
within the last few dec- 
ades. The reaping hook 
and the cradle are imple- 
ments used within the 
memory of many men 
now living. It seems 
strange that these prim- 
itive implements con- 
tinued to be the best 
means of harvesting 
until near the middle of 
the nineteenth century. 

Pliny tells of a reaping 
machine used in Gaul 
with which a slave and 
one ox could harvest a 
large acreage in a day. 



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The machine is de- 
scribed as a large box- 
like cart with teeth for 
driving through the 
standing grain so that 
the heads were torn off 
and fell within the box. 
At best very little is 
known of this machine. 
It soon fell into disuse 
and the reaping hook 
and the cradle were the 
only successful imple- 
ments for harvesting 
grain for forty centuries. 
It is within the last 
century that the first 
successful reaper was 
invented. In the early 
part of the nineteenth 
century several invent- 
ors attempted to per- 
fect machines that would 
replace the cradle and 
the reaping hook. Noth- 
ing practical was de- 
veloped until the year 
1831 when Cyrus H. 
McCormick built his 
first reaper. Since that 
time, a large number of 
machines have been in- 
vented, some of them 



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The Cradle— 1800 




The First Successful Reaper — 1831 






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Self-Rake Reaper— 1858 



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Modern Reaper 




Marsh Harvester — 1855 




never having passed 
the experimental stage. 
Others were pronounced 
a success from the start 
and have been improved 
to such an extent that 
they are now the modern 
self-binders, reapers and 
headers. 

The underlying prin- 
ciples of the early 
machines that were suc- 
cessful are the same as 
those to-day, that is, the 
reciprocating sickle, reel 
and platform. The mo- 
tive power was oxen 
or horses, hitched either 
at the side and front, or 
behind, and the grain 
was forced to the sickle 
by the reel, was cut and 
dropped to the platform. 
A man, walking along- 
side of the platform, 
removed the grain with a 
rake as soon as enough 
had accumulated for a 
gavel. 

The great difficulty 
encountered by the pio- 
neer reaper inventor was 
the sickle. Many dif- 



Modern Twine Binder 



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ferent devices were tried, 
but nothing equalled the 
reciprocating knife. The 
next improvement on 
the first practical reaper 
was the addition of a seat 
for the man who raked 
the grain. Several years 
later a self-rake was 
added, which eliminated 
the extra man. The 
reaper to-day is built 
largely along these lines. 

Work on a harvester, 
which preceded the mod- 
ern self-binder dates 
back to the year 1855, 
when experiments were 
tried with machines 
which elevated the grain 
to a platform where it 
was bound by two men. 
These machines were not 
successful, however, ow- 
ing to the prejudices of 
farmers against anything 
but a reaper, and to the 
poor construction of the 
machines themselves. 

Harvesters of this 
type were used to some 
extent until 1877, when 
the automatic wire 




Plowing and Harrowing with 
Oil Tractor Power 




Seeding with Grain Drills 
and Oil Tractor 







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Harvesting a 40-ft. Swath with 
5 Binders and Oil Tractor 



39 



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Disk and Spring Tooth Harrows 







Peg Tooth Harrow 




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Planting Corn with Check 
Row Planter 



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binder was substituted 
for the two men. A 
few years later, the twine 
binder superseded the 
wire-tying binder, and 
improvements have been 
added from time to time 
until now the modern 
self-binder is essentially 
a structure of iron and 
steel, a marvel of sim- 
plicity and efficiency. 

At the time of the 
invention of the reaper 
the farmers were eking 
out an existence by hand 
methods on small farms. 
The amount of grain a 
man could raise de- 
pended entirely upon 
how much he could 
harvest. The larger the 
family, the more he 
could harvest by hand 
and the greater amount 
of grain it required to 
feed them. Therefore, 
the limitation of the 
farmer's harvest activ- 
ities limited his social as 
well as his educational 
possibilities. Without 
the reaper no railroads 



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or other means of com- 
munication were neces- 
sary. Each little settle- 
ment was a community 
within itself wherein 
nearly all its simple 
wants were produced. 

What a great change 
the reaper wrought — 
gradual to be sure, 
but nevertheless mo- 
mentous. When the 
sturdy sons of agri- 
culture realized that 
they had within their 
reach a means of increas- 
ing the profits of their 
labors, they began to 
push westward. More 
ground was needed so 
that they could have 
larger fields to harvest. 
With farmers growing 
a surplus of grain, trans- 
portation systems began 
to develop, new railroads 
were built over the fer- 
tile prairies of the mid- 
dle west. Farmers went 
westward by the thou- 
sands, taking with them 
their precious reapers. 
Towns sprang up, and 



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The Tedder Aids in Curing Hay 




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Raking Hay into Windrows 



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A Modern Haying Scene — 
Mowers, Rakes and Stackers at Work 







Side Delivery Hay Rak« 







industry after industry 
was started. 

Thus, the invention of 
the reaper was the be- 
ginning of prosperity not 
only for the farmer, but 
for the nation. 

As soon as farmers saw 
that their labors were 
not limited and that they 
could harvest more grain 
than they could sow 
and care for, with the 
tillage and seeding im- 
plements they had at 
hand, the necessity for 
better plows, harrows 
and seeders was realized. 
The outgrowth of these 
needs was the making 
of better plows and the 
invention of spring and 
peg-tooth harrows, disk 
harrows, grain drills and 
seeders. With the pos- 
sibilities for growing and 
harvesting more grain 
came the imperative 
demand for an efficient 
thresher, and the modern 
threshing machine is the 
outcome of this ne- 
cessity. 



Baling Hay with Motor Press 



12 



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The evolution in farm 
machinery was not con- 
fined to the machines 
for handling the small 
grain crops. Inventions 
of machines to facilitate 
the harvesting of hay 
and corn were just as 
numerous and brought 
about revolutionary 
methods in the raising 
of these crops. 

The invention of hay, 
grain and corn harvest- 
ing machines for the 
benefit of the farmer 
brought about a demand 
for more scientific man- 
agement. The resources 
of the farm must be 
conserved by retaining 
the fertility of the soil, 
and to this end the 
manure spreader and 
cream separator were 
brought into use. The 
tilling of a modern farm 
has developed into a 
science. The farmers of 
the world are employ- 
ing capital, energy and 
enterprise in their busi- 
ness of farming. Sys- 




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Corn Binder with Elevator Attachment 




The Corn Picker Gathers the 
Ears and Removes the Husks 





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Husking the Corn and Shredding the Stalks 



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Tractor and Ensilage Cutter 
Filling a Silo 




Wide Spread Manure Spreader 







tematic practices are 
prevailing — crop rota- 
tion, soil fertility, and 
greater efficiency are 
more and more appar- 
ent. 

All the various lines 
of farm machines have 
been improved to such 
an extent that the far- 
mer is now practically 
dependent upon no one 
but himself. The cream 
separator has done away 
with the drudgery of the 
old-fashioned dairy and 
greatly increases the 
earnings of the dairy 
herd. The manure 
spreader greatly in- 
creases the fertilizing 
value of the manure. 
The hay press enables 
the farmer to put his 
hay in the most desirable 
form for shipping and 
storage. The oil engine 
furnishes the most eco- 
nomical power for all 
farm purposes. Oil 
tractors are fast replac- 
ing horses for plowing 
and heavy field work. 



Quick Delivery with a Motor Truck 



44 



Motor trucks are used in 
hauling perishable farm 
products to market. 
The feed grinder and, 
in the corn belt, the 
corn sheller, the ensilage 
cutter and the husker 
and shredder are a part 
of the equipment of 
almost every modern 
farm. 

Numerous inventions 
of all kinds for making 
the farm home and 
country life more desir- 
able are constantly com- 
ing into use. Nearly 
every operation on the 
farm has been made less 
burdensome, and many 
methods of agriculture 
have been completely 
transformed. All these 
farm machines invented 
to -benefit the farmer 
directly have also bene- 
fited the nation in- 
directly and have placed 
our entire social and 
economic life upon a 
higher plane. 

No one deserves 
greater credit for the 




An Oil Engine Pumping Water for Irrigat 




Power Sawing Outfit 




45 




mt0 



Small Power Corn Shelling Outfit 




Up-to-date Dairy with Oil 
Engine and Cream Separator 




wonderful strides made 
by our country than the 
men who have given the 
work of their lives to 
the development of har- 
vesting machines. The 
world owes them a debt 
of gratitude because 
their work resulted in 
cheaper bread. 

The work of these 
pioneers of the harvest- 
ing machine industry 
made possible the build- 
ing of big cities, the 
development of mines, 
and released a large 
number of people for 
pursuits in the com- 
merce of the world. 

Efficient farm ma- 
chinery is the medium 
that has permitted a 
large percentage of the 
population of this 
country to enter other 
lines of endeavor. 
No longer is the great 
majority obliged to 
do farm work in order 
that the people of the 
world may have enough 
to eat. 



Spraying Outfit in Orchard 




PIONEERS X OF THE 

HARVESTING MACHINE 

INDUSTRY 



47 



VA 



B 



IHC WELFARE 



IHC EMPLOYES - 45,000 

IN UNITED STATES IN CANADA AND FOREIGN 



MEN 33.000 
WOME N £000 
TOTAL 35.000 



MNUNTO 



N UN IT1D STATES 



1 - SANITARY SHOPS 

2 - PURE DRINKING WATER 
3 -MODERN WASH ROOMS 

4 - INDIVIDUAL LOCKERS 

5 - SHOPS WELL LIGHTED 

6 - THOROUGH VENTILATION 
7- MEDICAL SERVICE 

8 -FIRST AID 

9- OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE 
PREVENTION 

10-ANTI-TUBERCULOSIS 
CAMPAIGN 

II -SAFETY FIRST 

12- COMPENSATION FOR 

ACCIDENTS 
13- EMPLOYES' BENEFIT 

ASSOCIATION 



MEN 9.350 
WOMEN 650 



TOTAL .0.000 




14 -FIRE PROTECTION 
15 -LUNCH ROOMS 
16 - EMPLOYES' CLUBS 
17- SHOP SCHOOLS 
18 -EVENING SCHOOLS 
19- SATURDAY HALF 
HOLIDAY 

20 -REST ROOMS AND 



21 -MINIMUM WAGE FOR 
WOMEN 

2IA- NO NIGHT WORK FOR 
WOMEN 

22- OLD AGE AND DISABILITY 
PENSIONS 

23 -ADVISORY BOARD ON 
WELFARE 



B 




Much attention has been devoted to matters affecting the work- 
ing conditions, health and lives of the International Harvester 
employes. The scope of this work and its practical character are 
shown in the chart on this page. 

The appropriation for welfare work is made in a spirit of 
justice and fair dealing. This spirit is an integral part of the 
International Harvester policy with employes. 

Standards are adopted by the Advisory Board on Welfare, 
composed largely of Works Superintendents, and each Super- 
intendent's responsibility extends to the welfare matters in the 
plant under his supervision. 



>2 



S 



48 



Not only is interest manifested in the welfare of International 
Harvester employes, but also in the welfare and progress of the 
farmer. With this end in view, an Agricultural Extension Depart- 
ment was organized. The purpose of this department is to bring 
to the farmer the most efficient methods and practices; to simplify 
and modernize scientific agriculture through co-operation and 
organization. This work is carried on, not only by the circulation 
of publications and agricultural bulletins, but by coming in direct 
contact with farmers through campaigns, by going to them where 
they live, in their homes, with the problems that most concern 
them. 

During the years 1913 and 1914 the campaigns of the I H C 
Agricultural Extension Department have been carried on in 
twenty-five states. A staff of ten to thirty lecturers and organizers 
have taken an active part in the field work. Altogether forty- 
three campaigns have been put on; 5,157 meetings were held with 
a total attendance of 445,000, at which over three million pieces 
of agricultural educational literature were distributed. All of this 
field work has created wide-spread interest among the farmers. 
Many requests are coming in daily to the Agricultural Extension 
Department for assistance in carrying on campaigns along agricul- 




49 



\\W 



\ 



ft 





Agnew Iron Mine. Hibbing, Minn 



tural lines. In response, thousands of booklets, plans, and special 
articles have been sent out, and in many cases representatives have 
been sent to make personal investigations. 

The great demand for modern farm machines has brought about 
the rapid development of this industry and necessitated the building 
of large manufacturing plants for producing these machines. With 
a million and a half I H C machines being manufactured annually 
in plants that cover an area of 775 acres and that give work to 
about 35,000 employes, it became necessary to provide for the future 
by insuring an adequate supply of raw materials that would be 
independent of the fluctuations of the market. Raw materials 
for I H C machines in the way of iron ore mines, coking coal lands, 
and timber lands have been provided for. 




50 




Making Pig Iron at the Steel Mills 



Iron ore is secured from the Agnew and the Hawkins mines in 
the Mesaba range of Minnesota. From these mines the iron ore is 
transported in boats to the steel mills at South Chicago, Illinois, 
where it is unloaded by electric hoists. This plant, which supplies 
the requirements of the various I H C Works, consists of three 
blast furnaces with a capacity of 450,000 tons of pig iron annually. 
To make this amount of pig iron requires approximately 900,000 
tons of ore, 450,000 tons of coke, and 300,000 tons of limestone. 
All of this material is unloaded and discharged into the furnaces 
mechanically. The iron ore is not touched by human hands from 
the time it is taken from the mines by steam shovels until it is 
handled by workmen in building modern farm machines. 



The "Harveste 
Ore Boat 




51 




Saw Mill. Huttig. Mo. 



A Bessemer converting mill is located near the blast furnaces. 
This mill converts the iron into steel. 

The coke used in the steel mills and other I H C plants is all 
produced in the coke ovens at Benham, Kentucky, where 6,500 
acres of coking coal lands provide a supply that will last indefinitely. 

The I H C timber preserves consist of 80,000 acres of timber 
lands providing a source of supply in the way of lumber that is 
practically inexhaustible. On the I H C timber preserves the rules 
of the Government Forestry Department are strictly carried out. 
Every precaution is taken to save the smaller timber for future use. 
No trees less than twenty inches in diameter are cut. By the time 
the present available supply has become exhausted, the smaller 
timber will have attained the required dimensions. 




52 




Combing Fibre at the Twine Mills 

For the manufacture of binder twine a large supply of raw 
material is also required in the way of fibre. Sisal and Manila 
fibre are used, a large percentage being Sisal. Sisal is obtained 
from the henequin plant. Henequin is a tropical plant grown very 
extensively in Yucatan, Mexico, where it is cultivated in an up-to- 
date manner on large plantations. Manila fibre is obtained from 
a plant or tree that grows in the Philippine Islands. The fibre is 
shipped to the I H C warehouses in large bales, where it is carefully 
inspected and sorted before going to the Twine Mills. 

Over two hundred and fifty million pounds of I H C twine are 
used annually. This amount of twine is of sufficient length to 
reach between the earth and the moon one hundred and seven times. 





Deering Works at 
Piano. 111.— 1875 




Smithy where the First McCormick 
Reaper was Built — 1831 




Champion Reaper and Mower 
Works— 1856 



A clearer idea of the vast requirements of raw material for 
I H C machines may be had when it is noted that more than two 
hundred million feet of lumber are used annually in the con- 
struction of I H C machines. The I H C binder, reaper, and 
mower sections made annually, if placed side by side, and built 
into one huge sickle, would reach from San Francisco to Buffalo, 
N.Y. The canvas used in the manufacture of aprons for I H C 
binders, headers, header-binders, and stripper harvesters, if made 
into one apron of standard width, would reach from New York 
City to Dallas, Texas. To take care of the ramifications of a vast 



E2 



r..i 




industry of this kind 
requires more than 45,- 
000 employes, whose sole 
aim is to cater to the 
farmers of the world. 

To describe in detail 
the particular work done 
on each machine at any 
one of the I H C plants 
would prove tedious. 
Every part and every 
operation is done by 
special machinery, and 
we will only briefly de- 
scribe the main processes 
that are necessary in the 
production of a modern 
farm machine. 

In each of the Works 
is to be found the experi- 
mental department, 
where the inventing, 
drafting and designing 
are done. This part of 
the plant is the birth- 
place of many agri- 
cultural machines and 
implements as well as of 
the more important im- 
provements that have 
been made. The process 
of manufacturing begins 
in designing and build- 
ing an experimental 
machine, which is sent 
out into the field to be 



'k\l- 



Casting Mower Wheels 




Planing in the Wood Shop 




Assembling Room 
in one of the Engine Works 



55 




3§^ fcC'jB^- 






Testing Binder Knotters 




Trolley Conveyer in Paint Shop 




tested. Re-designing 
and perfecting a machine 
oftentimes requires 
many months, and 
frequently years of 
actual test in the field. 

In a line of farm ma- 
chines there are several 
thousand separate parts 
that must be made and 
assembled. In many 
instances, each part goes 
through several distinct 
operations. When the 
various parts of the ma- 
chine have been fitted, 
they are sent to the 
assembling rooms. Here 
they are assembled into 
their respective ma- 
chines. One could spend 
a week in each of these 
great plants, studying 
the simple and auto- 
matic ways in which 
the complicated things 
are done. 

The illustrations pre- 
sented herewith show 
the various activities and 
manufacturing plants in 
which International 
Harvester machines are 
produced. There are 
nineteen of these plants 
in all — twelve in the 
United States, three in 
Canada, and four in 
Europe. 



8 



Spinning Machines in Twine Mill 



56 



D 



□ 





Osborne Works, Auburn, N.Y..USA 



57 



□ 







■ E 



*r * 






f^ 



|rf*i4 








Piano Works. West Pullman. 111.. USA 



5S 



□ 



□ 






nil liiMffl^ ss «sa; a i 



□ 



Tractor Works, Chicago. USA 



□ 



59 



□ 



□ 




1*^ . 



Keystone Works. Rock Falls, 111., USA 








Steel Mills, South Chicago. USA 



60 




□ 




Croix Works, Croix, France 



61 



□ 



□ 




Lubertzy Works, Moscow, Russia 



62 





GRAIN MACHINES 

BINDERS 
HEADERS 
REAPERS 
HEADER-BINDERS 

HAY MACHINES 

MOWERS 
RAKES 

HAY PRESSES 
SWEEP RAKES 
HAY LOADERS 
STACKERS 
TEDDERS 

SIDE DELIVERY RAKES 
COMBINED SWEEP RAKES 
AND STACKERS 

CORN MACHINES 

PLANTERS 
PICKERS 
BINDERS 

ENSILAGE CUTTERS 
CORNSTALK RAKES 
STALK CUTTERS 
SHELLERS 
CULTIVATORS 
HUSKERS AND SHREDDERS 

TILLAGE 

DISK HARROWS 
CULTIVATORS 
SPRING-TOOTH HARROWS 
PEG-TOOTH HARROWS 
COMBINATION HARROWS 

GENERAL LINE 

MOTOR TRUCKS 

FEED GRINDERS 

KNIFE GRINDERS 

BINDER TWINE 

THRESHERS 

STONE BURR MILLS 

GRAIN DRILLS 

CREAM SEPARATORS 

OIL AND GAS ENGINES 

MANURE SPREADERS 

FERTILIZER SOWERS 

OIL TRACTORS 

FARM WAGONS AND TRUCKS 














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